Relatedly, in ranges that include negative numbers, "to" is used to avoid ambiguity or awkwardness (for example, "temperatures ranged from −18 ☌ to −34 ☌"). For example, "a voltage of 50 V to 100 V" is preferable to using "a voltage of 50–100 V". Some style guides (including the Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI) and the AMA Manual of Style) recommend that, when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, the word "to" should be used instead of an en dash. President Jimmy Carter, in office from 1977 to 1981 For example, the APA style (named after the American Psychological Association) uses an en dash in ranges, but the AMA style (named after the American Medical Association) uses a hyphen: Various style guides restrict this range indication style to only parenthetical or tabular matter, requiring "to" or "through" in running text. This may include ranges such as those between dates, times, or numbers. The en dash is commonly used to indicate a closed range of values – a range with clearly defined and finite upper and lower boundaries – roughly signifying what might otherwise be communicated by the word "through" in American English, or "to" in International English. as a substitute for a hyphen in a compound when one of the connected items is more complex than a single word.to connect symmetric items, such as the two ends of a range or two competitors or alternatives.The widths of en and em dashes have also been specified as being equal to those of the upper-case letters N and M, respectively, Īnd at other times to the widths of the lower-case letters. In modern fonts, the length of the en dash is not standardized, and the en dash is often more than half the width of the em dash. The en dash, en rule, or nut dash – is traditionally half the width of an em dash. The Linux Libertine font also has the figure dash glyph. In TeX, the standard fonts have no figure dash however, the digits normally all have the same width as the en dash, so an en dash can be a substitution for the figure dash. In informal usage, the hyphen-minus - ( U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS), provided as standard on most keyboards, is often used instead of the figure dash. The minus sign − ( U+2212 − MINUS SIGN) glyph is generally set a little higher, so as to be level with the horizontal bar of the plus sign. In contrast, the en dash – ( U+2013 – EN DASH) is generally used for a range of values. (Most fonts have digits of equal width.) It is used within numbers such as the phone number 555‒0199, especially in columns so as to maintain alignment. The figure dash ‒ ( U+2012 ‒ FIGURE DASH) has the same width as a numerical digit.
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